The one that's easiest to read was in the March 2005 issue of the magazine "Scientific American", but a more elaborate version, containing diagrams at various levels of abstraction, can be found in Tamara Davis' doctoral thesis, freely visible at. Those articles try (verbally and diagrammatically, as well as mathematically) to sort out misunderstandings that inappropriately confuse Einstein's 19 theories. Even with that, there are subtleties of the spatial expansion which affect the size and exact shape of the "Hubble sphere", that is simply the region within which those changes in temperature can be astronomically observed, by us, as changes in the color of the light.īecause General Relativity is more complex than Special Relativity, the physicists Davis & Lineweaver have written a number of articles which each contain the phrase "expanding confusion". What changes much more perceptibly is the wavelength of the light that stars emit, which shifts from the "hot" (blue) end of the spectrum toward the "cool" (red) end of the spectrum during the travel of the photons comprising it. The standard view of General Relativity is that the locations of galaxies are actually fixed: They don't change, except under the extremely long-term attraction of gravity (the weakest force, acting more imperceptibly than the weak nuclear, strong nuclear, and electromagnetic forces) between them, which is causing the "impending" collision of the Milky Way with Andromeda (that is due to be completed some billions of years from now).
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